', $table_prefix='', $goOffline=true ) {
		// perform a number of fatality checks, then die gracefully
		if (!function_exists( 'mysql_connect' )) {
			$mosSystemError = 1;
			if ($goOffline) {
				$basePath = dirname( __FILE__ );
				include $basePath . '/../configuration.php';
				include $basePath . '/../offline.php';
				exit();
			}
		}
		if (phpversion() < '4.2.0') {
			if (!($this->_resource = @mysql_connect( $host, $user, $pass ))) {
				$mosSystemError = 2;
				if ($goOffline) {
					$basePath = dirname( __FILE__ );
					include $basePath . '/../configuration.php';
					include $basePath . '/../offline.php';
					exit();
				}
			}
		} else {
			if (!($this->_resource = @mysql_connect( $host, $user, $pass, true ))) {
				$mosSystemError = 2;
				if ($goOffline) {
					$basePath = dirname( __FILE__ );
					include $basePath . '/../configuration.php';
					include $basePath . '/../offline.php';
					exit();
				}
			}
		}
		if ($db != '' && !mysql_select_db( $db, $this->_resource )) {
			$mosSystemError = 3;
			if ($goOffline) {
				$basePath = dirname( __FILE__ );
				include $basePath . '/../configuration.php';
				include $basePath . '/../offline.php';
				exit();
			}
		}
		$this->_table_prefix = $table_prefix;
        //@mysql_query("SET NAMES 'utf8'", $this->_resource);
		$this->_ticker = 0;
		$this->_log = array();
	}
	/**
	 * @param int
	 */
	function debug( $level ) {
		$this->_debug = intval( $level );
	}
	/**
	 * @return int The error number for the most recent query
	 */
	function getErrorNum() {
		return $this->_errorNum;
	}
	/**
	* @return string The error message for the most recent query
	*/
	function getErrorMsg() {
		return str_replace( array( "\n", "'" ), array( '\n', "\'" ), $this->_errorMsg );
	}
	/**
	 * Get a database escaped string
	 *
	 * @param	string	The string to be escaped
	 * @param	boolean	Optional parameter to provide extra escaping
	 * @return	string
	 * @access	public
	 * @abstract
	 */
	function getEscaped( $text, $extra = false ) {
		// Use the appropriate escape string depending upon which version of php
		// you are running
		if (version_compare(phpversion(), '4.3.0', '<')) {
			$string = mysql_escape_string($text);
		} else 	{
			$string = mysql_real_escape_string($text, $this->_resource);
		}
		if ($extra) {
			$string = addcslashes( $string, '%_' );
		}
		return $string;
	}
	/**
	 * Get a quoted database escaped string
	 *
	 * @param	string	A string
	 * @param	boolean	Default true to escape string, false to leave the string unchanged
	 * @return	string
	 * @access public
	 */
	function Quote( $text, $escaped = true )
	{
		return '\''.($escaped ? $this->getEscaped( $text ) : $text).'\'';
	}
	/**
	 * Quote an identifier name (field, table, etc)
	 * @param string The name
	 * @return string The quoted name
	 */
	function NameQuote( $s ) {
		$q = $this->_nameQuote;
		if (strlen( $q ) == 1) {
			return $q . $s . $q;
		} else {
			return $q{0} . $s . $q{1};
		}
	}
	/**
	 * @return string The database prefix
	 */
	function getPrefix() {
		return $this->_table_prefix;
	}
	/**
	 * @return string Quoted null/zero date string
	 */
	function getNullDate() {
		return $this->_nullDate;
	}
	/**
	* Sets the SQL query string for later execution.
	*
	* This function replaces a string identifier <var>$prefix</var> with the
	* string held is the <var>_table_prefix</var> class variable.
	*
	* @param string The SQL query
	* @param string The offset to start selection
	* @param string The number of results to return
	* @param string The common table prefix
	*/
	function setQuery( $sql, $offset = 0, $limit = 0, $prefix='#__' ) {
		$this->_sql = $this->replacePrefix( $sql, $prefix );
		$this->_limit = intval( $limit );
		$this->_offset = intval( $offset );
	}

	/**
	 * This function replaces a string identifier <var>$prefix</var> with the
	 * string held is the <var>_table_prefix</var> class variable.
	 *
	 * @param string The SQL query
	 * @param string The common table prefix
	 * @author thede, David McKinnis
	 */
	function replacePrefix( $sql, $prefix='#__' ) {
		$sql = trim( $sql );

		$escaped = false;
		$quoteChar = '';

		$n = strlen( $sql );

		$startPos = 0;
		$literal = '';
		while ($startPos < $n) {
			$ip = strpos($sql, $prefix, $startPos);
			if ($ip === false) {
				break;
			}

			$j = strpos( $sql, "'", $startPos );
			$k = strpos( $sql, '"', $startPos );
			if (($k !== FALSE) && (($k < $j) || ($j === FALSE))) {
				$quoteChar	= '"';
				$j			= $k;
			} else {
				$quoteChar	= "'";
			}

			if ($j === false) {
				$j = $n;
			}

			$literal .= str_replace( $prefix, $this->_table_prefix, substr( $sql, $startPos, $j - $startPos ) );
			$startPos = $j;

			$j = $startPos + 1;

			if ($j >= $n) {
				break;
			}

			// quote comes first, find end of quote
			while (TRUE) {
				$k = strpos( $sql, $quoteChar, $j );
				$escaped = false;
				if ($k === false) {
					break;
				}
				$l = $k - 1;
				while ($l >= 0 && $sql{$l} == '\\') {
					$l--;
					$escaped = !$escaped;
				}
				if ($escaped) {
					$j	= $k+1;
					continue;
				}
				break;
			}
			if ($k === FALSE) {
				// error in the query - no end quote; ignore it
				break;
			}
			$literal .= substr( $sql, $startPos, $k - $startPos + 1 );
			$startPos = $k+1;
		}
		if ($startPos < $n) {
			$literal .= substr( $sql, $startPos, $n - $startPos );
		}
		return $literal;
	}
	/**
	* @return string The current value of the internal SQL vairable
	*/
	function getQuery() {
		return "<pre>" . htmlspecialchars( $this->_sql ) . "</pre>";
	}
	/**
	* Execute the query
	* @return mixed A database resource if successful, FALSE if not.
	*/
	function query() {
		global $mosConfig_debug;
		if ($this->_limit > 0 && $this->_offset == 0) {
			$this->_sql .= "\nLIMIT $this->_limit";
		} else if ($this->_limit > 0 || $this->_offset > 0) {
			$this->_sql .= "\nLIMIT $this->_offset, $this->_limit";
		}
		if ($this->_debug) {
			$this->_ticker++;
	  		$this->_log[] = $this->_sql;
		}
		$this->_errorNum = 0;
		$this->_errorMsg = '';
		$this->_cursor = mysql_query( $this->_sql, $this->_resource );
		if (!$this->_cursor) {
			$this->_errorNum = mysql_errno( $this->_resource );
			$this->_errorMsg = mysql_error( $this->_resource )." SQL=$this->_sql";
			if ($this->_debug) {
				trigger_error( mysql_error( $this->_resource ), E_USER_NOTICE );
				//echo "<pre>" . $this->_sql . "</pre>\n";
				if (function_exists( 'debug_backtrace' )) {
					foreach( debug_backtrace() as $back) {
						if (@$back['file']) {
							echo '<br />'.$back['file'].':'.$back['line'];
						}
					}
				}
			}
			return false;
		}
		return $this->_cursor;
	}

	/**
	 * @return int The number of affected rows in the previous operation
	 */
	function getAffectedRows() {
		return mysql_affected_rows( $this->_resource );
	}

	function query_batch( $abort_on_error=true, $p_transaction_safe = false) {
		$this->_errorNum = 0;
		$this->_errorMsg = '';
		if ($p_transaction_safe) {
			$si = mysql_get_server_info( $this->_resource );
			preg_match_all( "/(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)/i", $si, $m );
			if ($m[1] >= 4) {
				$this->_sql = 'START TRANSACTION;' . $this->_sql . '; COMMIT;';
			} else if ($m[2] >= 23 && $m[3] >= 19) {
				$this->_sql = 'BEGIN WORK;' . $this->_sql . '; COMMIT;';
			} else if ($m[2] >= 23 && $m[3] >= 17) {
				$this->_sql = 'BEGIN;' . $this->_sql . '; COMMIT;';
			}
		}
		$query_split = preg_split ("/[;]+/", $this->_sql);
		$error = 0;
		foreach ($query_split as $command_line) {
			$command_line = trim( $command_line );
			if ($command_line != '') {
				$this->_cursor = mysql_query( $command_line, $this->_resource );
				if (!$this->_cursor) {
					$error = 1;
					$this->_errorNum .= mysql_errno( $this->_resource ) . ' ';
					$this->_errorMsg .= mysql_error( $this->_resource )." SQL=$command_line <br />";
					if ($abort_on_error) {
						return $this->_cursor;
					}
				}
			}
		}
		return $error ? false : true;
	}

	/**
	* Diagnostic function
	*/
	function explain() {
		$temp = $this->_sql;
		$this->_sql = "EXPLAIN $this->_sql";
		$this->query();

		if (!($cur = $this->query())) {
			return null;
		}
		$first = true;

		$buf = "<table cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"2\" border=\"0\" bgcolor=\"#000000\" align=\"center\">";
		$buf .= $this->getQuery();
		while ($row = mysql_fetch_assoc( $cur )) {
			if ($first) {
				$buf .= "<tr>";
				foreach ($row as $k=>$v) {
					$buf .= "<th bgcolor=\"#ffffff\">$k</th>";
				}
				$buf .= "</tr>";
				$first = false;
			}
			$buf .= "<tr>";
			foreach ($row as $k=>$v) {
				$buf .= "<td bgcolor=\"#ffffff\">$v</td>";
			}
			$buf .= "</tr>";
		}
		$buf .= "</table><br />&nbsp;";
		mysql_free_result( $cur );

		$this->_sql = $temp;

		return "<div style=\"background-color:#FFFFCC\" align=\"left\">$buf</div>";
	}
	/**
	* @return int The number of rows returned from the most recent query.
	*/
	function getNumRows( $cur=null ) {
		return mysql_num_rows( $cur ? $cur : $this->_cursor );
	}

	/**
	* This method loads the first field of the first row returned by the query.
	*
	* @return The value returned in the query or null if the query failed.
	*/
	function loadResult() {
		if (!($cur = $this->query())) {
			return null;
		}
		$ret = null;
		if ($row = mysql_fetch_row( $cur )) {
			$ret = $row[0];
		}
		mysql_free_result( $cur );
		return $ret;
	}
	/**
	* Load an array of single field results into an array
	*/
	function loadResultArray($numinarray = 0) {
		if (!($cur = $this->query())) {
			return null;
		}
		$array = array();
		while ($row = mysql_fetch_row( $cur )) {
			$array[] = $row[$numinarray];
		}
		mysql_free_result( $cur );
		return $array;
	}
	/**
	* Load a assoc list of database rows
	* @param string The field name of a primary key
	* @return array If <var>key</var> is empty as sequential list of returned records.
	*/
	function loadAssocList( $key='' ) {
		if (!($cur = $this->query())) {
			return null;
		}
		$array = array();
		while ($row = mysql_fetch_assoc( $cur )) {
			if ($key) {

				$array[$row[$key]] = $row;
			} else {
				$array[] = $row;
			}
		}
		mysql_free_result( $cur );
		return $array;
	}
	/**
	* This global function loads the first row of a query into an object
	*
	* If an object is passed to this function, the returned row is bound to the existing elements of <var>object</var>.
	* If <var>object</var> has a value of null, then all of the returned query fields returned in the object.
	* @param string The SQL query
	* @param object The address of variable
	*/
	function loadObject( &$object ) {
		if ($object != null) {
			if (!($cur = $this->query())) {
				return false;
			}
			if ($array = mysql_fetch_assoc( $cur )) {
				mysql_free_result( $cur );
				mosBindArrayToObject( $array, $object, null, null, false );
				return true;
			} else {
				return false;
			}
		} else {
			if ($cur = $this->query()) {
				if ($object = mysql_fetch_object( $cur )) {
					mysql_free_result( $cur );
					return true;
				} else {
					$object = null;
					return false;
				}
			} else {
				return false;
			}
		}
	}
	/**
	* Load a list of database objects
	* @param string The field name of a primary key
	* @return array If <var>key</var> is empty as sequential list of returned records.
	* If <var>key</var> is not empty then the returned array is indexed by the value
	* the database key.  Returns <var>null</var> if the query fails.
	*/
	function loadObjectList( $key='' ) {
		if (!($cur = $this->query())) {
			return null;
		}
		$array = array();
		while ($row = mysql_fetch_object( $cur )) {
			if ($key) {
				$array[$row->$key] = $row;
			} else {
				$array[] = $row;
			}
		}
		mysql_free_result( $cur );
		return $array;
	}
	/**
	* @return The first row of the query.
	*/
	function loadRow() {
		if (!($cur = $this->query())) {
			return null;
		}
		$ret = null;
		if ($row = mysql_fetch_row( $cur )) {
			$ret = $row;
		}
		mysql_free_result( $cur );
		return $ret;
	}
	/**
	* Load a list of database rows (numeric column indexing)
	* @param int Value of the primary key
	* @return array If <var>key</var> is empty as sequential list of returned records.
	* If <var>key</var> is not empty then the returned array is indexed by the value
	* the database key.  Returns <var>null</var> if the query fails.
	*/
	function loadRowList( $key=null ) {
		if (!($cur = $this->query())) {
			return null;
		}
		$array = array();
		while ($row = mysql_fetch_row( $cur )) {
			if ( !is_null( $key ) ) {
				$array[$row[$key]] = $row;
			} else {
				$array[] = $row;
			}
		}
		mysql_free_result( $cur );
		return $array;
	}
	/**
	* Document::db_insertObject()
	*
	* { Description }
	*
	* @param string $table This is expected to be a valid (and safe!) table name
	* @param [type] $keyName
	* @param [type] $verbose
	*/
	function insertObject( $table, &$object, $keyName = NULL, $verbose=false ) {
		$fmtsql = "INSERT INTO $table ( %s ) VALUES ( %s ) ";
		$fields = array();
		foreach (get_object_vars( $object ) as $k => $v) {
			if (is_array($v) or is_object($v) or $v === NULL) {
				continue;
			}
			if ($k[0] == '_') { // internal field
				continue;
			}
			$fields[] = $this->NameQuote( $k );
			$values[] = $this->Quote( $v );
		}
		$this->setQuery( sprintf( $fmtsql, implode( ",", $fields ) ,  implode( ",", $values ) ) );
		($verbose) && print "$sql<br />\n";
		if (!$this->query()) {
			return false;
		}
		$id = mysql_insert_id( $this->_resource );
		($verbose) && print "id=[$id]<br />\n";
		if ($keyName && $id) {
			$object->$keyName = $id;
		}
		return true;
	}

	/**
	* Document::db_updateObject()
	*
	* { Description }
	*
	* @param string $table This is expected to be a valid (and safe!) table name
	* @param [type] $updateNulls
	*/
	function updateObject( $table, &$object, $keyName, $updateNulls=true ) {
		$fmtsql = "UPDATE $table SET %s WHERE %s";
		$tmp = array();
		foreach (get_object_vars( $object ) as $k => $v) {
			if( is_array($v) or is_object($v) or $k[0] == '_' ) { // internal or NA field
				continue;
			}
			if( $k == $keyName ) { // PK not to be updated
				$where = $keyName . '=' . $this->Quote( $v );
				continue;
			}
			if ($v === NULL && !$updateNulls) {
				continue;
			}
			if( $v == '' ) {
				$val = "''";
			} else {
				$val = $this->Quote( $v );
			}
			$tmp[] = $this->NameQuote( $k ) . '=' . $val;
		}
		$this->setQuery( sprintf( $fmtsql, implode( ",", $tmp ) , $where ) );
		return $this->query();
	}

	/**
	* @param boolean If TRUE, displays the last SQL statement sent to the database
	* @return string A standised error message
	*/
	function stderr( $showSQL = false ) {
		return "DB function failed with error number $this->_errorNum"
		."<br /><font color=\"red\">$this->_errorMsg</font>"
		.($showSQL ? "<br />SQL = <pre>$this->_sql</pre>" : '');
	}

	function insertid() {
		return mysql_insert_id( $this->_resource );
	}

	function getVersion() {
		return mysql_get_server_info( $this->_resource );
	}

	/**
	 * @return array A list of all the tables in the database
	 */
	function getTableList() {
		$this->setQuery( 'SHOW TABLES' );
		return $this->loadResultArray();
	}
	/**
	 * @param array A list of valid (and safe!) table names
	 * @return array A list the create SQL for the tables
	 */
	function getTableCreate( $tables ) {
		$result = array();

		foreach ($tables as $tblval) {
			$this->setQuery( 'SHOW CREATE table ' . $this->getEscaped( $tblval ) );
			$rows = $this->loadRowList();
			foreach ($rows as $row) {
				$result[$tblval] = $row[1];
			}
		}

		return $result;
	}
	/**
	 * @param array A list of valid (and safe!) table names
	 * @return array An array of fields by table
	 */
	function getTableFields( $tables ) {
		$result = array();

		foreach ($tables as $tblval) {
			$this->setQuery( 'SHOW FIELDS FROM ' . $tblval );
			$fields = $this->loadObjectList();
			foreach ($fields as $field) {
				$result[$tblval][$field->Field] = preg_replace("/[(0-9)]/",'', $field->Type );
			}
		}

		return $result;
	}

	/**
	* Fudge method for ADOdb compatibility
	*/
	function GenID( $foo1=null, $foo2=null ) {
		return '0';
	}
}

/**
* mosDBTable Abstract Class.
* @abstract
* @package Joomla
* @subpackage Database
*
* Parent classes to all database derived objects.  Customisation will generally
* not involve tampering with this object.
* @author Andrew Eddie <eddieajau@users.sourceforge.net
*/
class mosDBTable {
	/** @var string Name of the table in the db schema relating to child class */
	var $_tbl 		= '';
	/** @var string Name of the primary key field in the table */
	var $_tbl_key 	= '';
	/** @var string Error message */
	var $_error 	= '';
	/** @var mosDatabase Database connector */
	var $_db 		= null;

	/**
	*	Object constructor to set table and key field
	*
	*	Can be overloaded/supplemented by the child class
	*	@param string $table name of the table in the db schema relating to child class
	*	@param string $key name of the primary key field in the table
	*/
	function mosDBTable( $table, $key, &$db ) {
		$this->_tbl = $table;
		$this->_tbl_key = $key;
		$this->_db =& $db;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns an array of public properties
	 * @return array
	 */
	function getPublicProperties() {
		static $cache = null;
		if (is_null( $cache )) {
			$cache = array();
			foreach (get_class_vars( get_class( $this ) ) as $key=>$val) {
				if (substr( $key, 0, 1 ) != '_') {
					$cache[] = $key;
				}
			}
		}
		return $cache;
	}
	/**
	 * Filters public properties
	 * @access protected
	 * @param array List of fields to ignore
	 */
	function filter( $ignoreList=null ) {
		$ignore = is_array( $ignoreList );

		$iFilter = new InputFilter();
		foreach ($this->getPublicProperties() as $k) {
			if ($ignore && in_array( $k, $ignoreList ) ) {
				continue;
			}
			$this->$k = $iFilter->process( $this->$k );
		}
	}
	/**
	 *	@return string Returns the error message
	 */
	function getError() {
		return $this->_error;
	}
	/**
	* Gets the value of the class variable
	* @param string The name of the class variable
	* @return mixed The value of the class var (or null if no var of that name exists)
	*/
	function get( $_property ) {
		if(isset( $this->$_property )) {
			return $this->$_property;
		} else {
			return null;
		}
	}

	/**
	* Set the value of the class variable
	* @param string The name of the class variable
	* @param mixed The value to assign to the variable
	*/
	function set( $_property, $_value ) {
		$this->$_property = $_value;
	}

	/**
	 * Resets public properties
	 * @param mixed The value to set all properties to, default is null
	 */
	function reset( $value=null ) {
		$keys = $this->getPublicProperties();
		foreach ($keys as $k) {
			$this->$k = $value;
		}
	}
	/**
	*	binds a named array/hash to this object
	*
	*	can be overloaded/supplemented by the child class
	*	@param array $hash named array
	*	@return null|string	null is operation was satisfactory, otherwise returns an error
	*/
	function bind( $array, $ignore='' ) {
		if (!is_array( $array )) {
			$this->_error = strtolower(get_class( $this ))."::bind failed.";
			return false;
		} else {
			return mosBindArrayToObject( $array, $this, $ignore );
		}
	}

	/**
	*	binds an array/hash to this object
	*	@param int $oid optional argument, if not specifed then the value of current key is used
	*	@return any result from the database operation
	*/
	function load( $oid=null ) {
		$k = $this->_tbl_key;

		if ($oid !== null) {
			$this->$k = $oid;
		}

		$oid = $this->$k;

		if ($oid === null) {
			return false;
		}
		//Note: Prior to PHP 4.2.0, Uninitialized class variables will not be reported by get_class_vars().
		/*
		$class_vars = $this->getPublicProperties();
		foreach ($class_vars as $name => $value) {
			if ($name != $k) {
				$this->$name = $value;
			}
		}
		*/
		$class_vars = get_class_vars(get_class($this));
		foreach ($class_vars as $name => $value) {
			if (($name != $k) and ($name != "_db") and ($name != "_tbl") and ($name != "_tbl_key")) {
				$this->$name = $value;
			}
		}

		$this->reset();

		$query = "SELECT *"
		. "\n FROM $this->_tbl"
		. "\n WHERE $this->_tbl_key = " . $this->_db->Quote( $oid )
		;
		$this->_db->setQuery( $query );

		return $this->_db->loadObject( $this );
	}

	/**
	*	generic check method
	*
	*	can be overloaded/supplemented by the child class
	*	@return boolean True if the object is ok
	*/
	function check() {
		return true;
	}

	/**
	* Inserts a new row if id is zero or updates an existing row in the database table
	*
	* Can be overloaded/supplemented by the child class
	* @param boolean If false, null object variables are not updated
	* @return null|string null if successful otherwise returns and error message
	*/
	function store( $updateNulls=false ) {
		$k = $this->_tbl_key;

		if ($this->$k != 0) {
			$ret = $this->_db->updateObject($this->_tbl, $this, $this->_tbl_key, $updateNulls);
		} else {
			$ret = $this->_db->insertObject($this->_tbl, $this, $this->_tbl_key);
		}

		if (!$ret) {
			$this->_error = strtolower(get_class($this))."::store failed <br />" . $this->_db->getErrorMsg();
			return false;
		} else {
			return true;
		}
	}
	/**
	* @param string $where This is expected to be a valid (and safe!) SQL expression
	*/
	function move( $dirn, $where='' ) {
		$k = $this->_tbl_key;

		$sql = "SELECT $this->_tbl_key, ordering FROM $this->_tbl";

		if ($dirn < 0) {
			$sql .= "\n WHERE ordering < " . (int) $this->ordering;
			$sql .= ($where ? "\n	AND $where" : '');
			$sql .= "\n ORDER BY ordering DESC";
			$sql .= "\n LIMIT 1";
		} else if ($dirn > 0) {
			$sql .= "\n WHERE ordering > " . (int) $this->ordering;
			$sql .= ($where ? "\n	AND $where" : '');
			$sql .= "\n ORDER BY ordering";
			$sql .= "\n LIMIT 1";
		} else {
			$sql .= "\nWHERE ordering = " . (int) $this->ordering;
			$sql .= ($where ? "\n AND $where" : '');
			$sql .= "\n ORDER BY ordering";
			$sql .= "\n LIMIT 1";
		}

		$this->_db->setQuery( $sql );
//echo 'A: ' . $this->_db->getQuery();


		$row = null;
		if ($this->_db->loadObject( $row )) {
			$query = "UPDATE $this->_tbl"
			. "\n SET ordering = " . (int) $row->ordering
			. "\n WHERE $this->_tbl_key = " . $this->_db->Quote( $this->$k )
			;
			$this->_db->setQuery( $query );

			if (!$this->_db->query()) {
				$err = $this->_db->getErrorMsg();
				die( $err );
			}
//echo 'B: ' . $this->_db->getQuery();

			$query = "UPDATE $this->_tbl"
			. "\n SET ordering = " . (int) $this->ordering
			. "\n WHERE $this->_tbl_key = " . $this->_db->Quote( $row->$k )
			;
			$this->_db->setQuery( $query );
//echo 'C: ' . $this->_db->getQuery();

			if (!$this->_db->query()) {
				$err = $this->_db->getErrorMsg();
				die( $err );
			}

			$this->ordering = $row->ordering;
		} else {
			$query = "UPDATE $this->_tbl"
			. "\n SET ordering = " . (int) $this->ordering
			. "\n WHERE $this->_tbl_key = " . $this->_db->Quote( $this->$k )
			;
			$this->_db->setQuery( $query );
//echo 'D: ' . $this->_db->getQuery();


			if (!$this->_db->query()) {
				$err = $this->_db->getErrorMsg();
				die( $err );
			}
		}
	}
	/**
	* Compacts the ordering sequence of the selected records
	* @param string Additional where query to limit ordering to a particular subset of records. This is expected to be a valid (and safe!) SQL expression
	*/
	function updateOrder( $where='' ) {
		$k = $this->_tbl_key;

		if (!array_key_exists( 'ordering', get_class_vars( strtolower(get_class( $this )) ) )) {
			$this->_error = "WARNING: ".strtolower(get_class( $this ))." does not support ordering.";
			return false;
		}

		if ($this->_tbl == "#__content_frontpage") {
			$order2 = ", content_id DESC";
		} else {
			$order2 = '';
		}

		$query = "SELECT $this->_tbl_key, ordering"
		. "\n FROM $this->_tbl"
		. ( $where ? "\n WHERE $where" : '' )
		. "\n ORDER BY ordering$order2 "
		;
		$this->_db->setQuery( $query );
		if (!($orders = $this->_db->loadObjectList())) {
			$this->_error = $this->_db->getErrorMsg();
			return false;
		}
		// first pass, compact the ordering numbers
		for ($i=0, $n=count( $orders ); $i < $n; $i++) {
			if ($orders[$i]->ordering >= 0) {
				$orders[$i]->ordering = $i+1;
			}
		}

		$shift = 0;
		$n=count( $orders );
		for ($i=0; $i < $n; $i++) {
			//echo "i=$i id=".$orders[$i]->$k." order=".$orders[$i]->ordering;
			if ($orders[$i]->$k == $this->$k) {
				// place 'this' record in the desired location
				$orders[$i]->ordering = min( $this->ordering, $n );
				$shift = 1;
			} else if ($orders[$i]->ordering >= $this->ordering && $this->ordering > 0) {
				$orders[$i]->ordering++;
			}
		}
	//echo '<pre>';print_r($orders);echo '</pre>';
		// compact once more until I can find a better algorithm
		for ($i=0, $n=count( $orders ); $i < $n; $i++) {
			if ($orders[$i]->ordering >= 0) {
				$orders[$i]->ordering = $i+1;
				$query = "UPDATE $this->_tbl"
				. "\n SET ordering = " . (int) $orders[$i]->ordering
				. "\n WHERE $k = " . $this->_db->Quote( $orders[$i]->$k )
				;
				$this->_db->setQuery( $query);
				$this->_db->query();
	//echo '<br />'.$this->_db->getQuery();
			}
		}

		// if we didn't reorder the current record, make it last
		if ($shift == 0) {
			$order = $n+1;
			$query = "UPDATE $this->_tbl"
			. "\n SET ordering = " . (int) $order
			. "\n WHERE $k = " . $this->_db->Quote( $this->$k )
			;
			$this->_db->setQuery( $query );
			$this->_db->query();
	//echo '<br />'.$this->_db->getQuery();
		}
		return true;
	}
	/**
	*	Generic check for whether dependancies exist for this object in the db schema
	*
	*	can be overloaded/supplemented by the child class
	*	@param string $msg Error message returned
	*	@param int Optional key index
	*	@param array Optional array to compiles standard joins: format [label=>'Label',name=>'table name',idfield=>'field',joinfield=>'field']. This is expected to hold only valid (and safe!) SQL expressions
	*	@return true|false
	*/
	function canDelete( $oid=null, $joins=null ) {
		$k = $this->_tbl_key;
		if ($oid) {
			$this->$k = $oid;
		}
		if (is_array( $joins )) {
			$select = $k;
			$join = '';
			foreach( $joins as $table ) {
				$tblName = $this->getEscaped( $table['name'] );
				$idField = $this->getEscaped( $table['idfield'] );
				$jnField = $this->getEscaped( $table['joinfield'] );
				$select .= ",\n COUNT(DISTINCT `$tblName`.`$idField`) AS `count_".substr($tblName, 3)."_$idField`";
				$join .= "\n LEFT JOIN `$tblName` ON `$tblName`.`$jnField` = `$this->_tbl`.`$k`";
			}

			$query = "SELECT $select"
			. "\n FROM `$this->_tbl`"
			. $join
			. "\n WHERE `$this->_tbl`.`$k` = ". (int) $this->$k
			. "\n GROUP BY `$this->_tbl`.`$k`"
			;
			$this->_db->setQuery( $query );

			$obj = null;
			if (!$this->_db->loadObject($obj)) {
				$this->_error = $this->_db->getErrorMsg();
				return false;
			}
			$msg = array();
			foreach( $joins as $table ) {
				$tblName = $this->getEscaped( $table['name'] );
				$idField = $this->getEscaped( $table['idfield'] );
				$k = 'count_'.substr($tblName, 3).'_'.$idField;
				if ($obj->$k) {
					$msg[] = $table['label'];
				}
			}

			if (count( $msg )) {
				$this->_error = "noDeleteRecord" . ": " . implode( ', ', $msg );
				return false;
			} else {
				return true;
			}
		}

		return true;
	}

	/**
	*	Default delete method
	*
	*	can be overloaded/supplemented by the child class
	*	@return true if successful otherwise returns and error message
	*/
	function delete( $oid=null ) {
		//if (!$this->canDelete( $msg )) {
		//	return $msg;
		//}

		$k = $this->_tbl_key;
		if ($oid) {
			$this->$k = intval( $oid );
		}

		$query = "DELETE FROM $this->_tbl"
		. "\n WHERE $this->_tbl_key = " . $this->_db->Quote( $this->$k )
		;
		$this->_db->setQuery( $query );

		if ($this->_db->query()) {
			return true;
		} else {
			$this->_error = $this->_db->getErrorMsg();
			return false;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Checks out an object
	 * @param int User id
	 * @param int Object id
	 */
	function checkout( $user_id, $oid=null ) {
		if (!array_key_exists( 'checked_out', get_class_vars( strtolower(get_class( $this )) ) )) {
			$this->_error = "WARNING: ".strtolower(get_class( $this ))." does not support checkouts.";
			return false;
		}
		$k = $this->_tbl_key;
		if ($oid !== null) {
			$this->$k = $oid;
		}

		$time = date( 'Y-m-d H:i:s' );
		if (intval( $user_id )) {
			$user_id = intval( $user_id );
			// new way of storing editor, by id
			$query = "UPDATE $this->_tbl"
			. "\n SET checked_out = $user_id, checked_out_time = " . $this->_db->Quote( $time )
			. "\n WHERE $this->_tbl_key = " . $this->_db->Quote( $this->$k )
			;
			$this->_db->setQuery( $query );

            $this->checked_out = $user_id;
            $this->checked_out_time = $time;
		} else {
			$user_id = $this->_db->Quote( $user_id );
			// old way of storing editor, by name
			$query = "UPDATE $this->_tbl"
			. "\n SET checked_out = 1, checked_out_time = " . $this->_db->Quote( $time ) . ", editor = $user_id"
			. "\n WHERE $this->_tbl_key = " . $this->_db->Quote( $this->$k )
			;
			$this->_db->setQuery( $query );

			$this->checked_out = 1;
			$this->checked_out_time = $time;
			$this->checked_out_editor = $user_id;
		}

		return $this->_db->query();
	}

	/**
	 * Checks in an object
	 * @param int Object id
	 */
	function checkin( $oid=null ) {
		if (!array_key_exists( 'checked_out', get_class_vars( strtolower(get_class( $this )) ) )) {
			$this->_error = "WARNING: ".strtolower(get_class( $this ))." does not support checkin.";
			return false;
		}

		$k 			= $this->_tbl_key;
		$nullDate 	= $this->_db->getNullDate();

		if ($oid !== null) {
			$this->$k = intval( $oid );
		}
		if ($this->$k == NULL) {
			return false;
		}

		$query = "UPDATE $this->_tbl"
		. "\n SET checked_out = 0, checked_out_time = " . $this->_db->Quote( $nullDate )
		. "\n WHERE $this->_tbl_key = " . $this->_db->Quote( $this->$k )
		;
		$this->_db->setQuery( $query );

		$this->checked_out = 0;
		$this->checked_out_time = '';

		return $this->_db->query();
	}

	/**
	 * Increments the hit counter for an object
	 * @param int Object id
	 */
	function hit( $oid=null ) {
		global $mosConfig_enable_log_items;

		$k = $this->_tbl_key;
		if ($oid !== null) {
			$this->$k = intval( $oid );
		}

		$query = "UPDATE $this->_tbl"
		. "\n SET hits = ( hits + 1 )"
		. "\n WHERE $this->_tbl_key = " . $this->_db->Quote( $this->id )
		;
		$this->_db->setQuery( $query );
		$this->_db->query();

		if (@$mosConfig_enable_log_items) {
			$now = date( 'Y-m-d' );
			$query = "SELECT hits"
			. "\n FROM #__core_log_items"
			. "\n WHERE time_stamp = " . $this->_db->Quote( $now )
			. "\n AND item_table = " . $this->_db->Quote( $this->_tbl )
			. "\n AND item_id = " . $this->_db->Quote( $this->$k )
			;
			$this->_db->setQuery( $query );
			$hits = intval( $this->_db->loadResult() );
			if ($hits) {
				$query = "UPDATE #__core_log_items"
				. "\n SET hits = ( hits + 1 )"
				. "\n WHERE time_stamp = " . $this->_db->Quote( $now )
				. "\n AND item_table = " . $this->_db->Quote( $this->_tbl )
				. "\n AND item_id = " . $this->_db->Quote( $this->$k )
				;
				$this->_db->setQuery( $query );
				$this->_db->query();
			} else {
				$query = "INSERT INTO #__core_log_items"
				. "\n VALUES ( " . $this->_db->Quote( $now ) . ", " . $this->_db->Quote( $this->_tbl ) . ", " . $this->_db->Quote( $this->$k ) . ", 1 )"
				;
				$this->_db->setQuery( $query );
				$this->_db->query();
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Tests if item is checked out
	 * @param int A user id
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	function isCheckedOut( $user_id=0 ) {
		if ($user_id) {
			return ($this->checked_out && $this->checked_out != $user_id);
		} else {
			return $this->checked_out;
		}
	}

	/**
	* Generic save function
	* @param array Source array for binding to class vars
	* @param string Filter for the order updating. This is expected to be a valid (and safe!) SQL expression
	* @returns TRUE if completely successful, FALSE if partially or not succesful
	* NOTE: Filter will be deprecated in verion 1.1
	*/
	function save( $source, $order_filter='' ) {
		if (!$this->bind( $source )) {
			return false;
		}
		if (!$this->check()) {
			return false;
		}
		if (!$this->store()) {
			return false;
		}
		if (!$this->checkin()) {
			return false;
		}

		if ($order_filter) {
			$filter_value = $this->$order_filter;
			$this->updateOrder( $order_filter ? "`$order_filter` = " . $this->_db->Quote( $filter_value ) : '' );
		}
		$this->_error = '';
		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * @deprecated As of 1.0.3, replaced by publish
	 */
	function publish_array( $cid=null, $publish=1, $user_id=0 ) {
		$this->publish( $cid, $publish, $user_id );
	}

	/**
	 * Generic Publish/Unpublish function
	 * @param	array	An array of id numbers
	 * @param	integer	0 if unpublishing, 1 if publishing
	 * @param	integer	The id of the user performnig the operation
	 * @since	1.0.4
	 */
	function publish( $cid=null, $publish=1, $user_id=0 ) {
		mosArrayToInts( $cid, array() );
		$user_id	= (int) $user_id;
		$publish	= (int) $publish;
		$k			= $this->_tbl_key;

		if (count( $cid ) < 1) {
			$this->_error = "No items selected.";
			return false;
		}

		$cids = $this->_tbl_key . '=' . implode( ' OR ' . $this->_tbl_key . '=', $cid );

		$query = "UPDATE $this->_tbl"
		. "\n SET published = " . (int) $publish
		. "\n WHERE ($cids)"
		. "\n AND (checked_out = 0 OR checked_out = " . (int) $user_id . ")"
		;
		$this->_db->setQuery( $query );
		if (!$this->_db->query()) {
			$this->_error = $this->_db->getErrorMsg();
			return false;
		}

		if (count( $cid ) == 1) {
			$this->checkin( $cid[0] );
		}
		$this->_error = '';
		return true;
	}

	/**
	* Export item list to xml
	* @param boolean Map foreign keys to text values
	*/
	function toXML( $mapKeysToText=false ) {
		$xml = '<record table="' . $this->_tbl . '"';

		if ($mapKeysToText) {
			$xml .= ' mapkeystotext="true"';
		}
		$xml .= '>';
		foreach (get_object_vars( $this ) as $k => $v) {
			if (is_array($v) or is_object($v) or $v === NULL) {
				continue;
			}
			if ($k[0] == '_') { // internal field
				continue;
			}
			$xml .= '<' . $k . '><![CDATA[' . $v . ']]></' . $k . '>';
		}
		$xml .= '</record>';

		return $xml;
	}
}
?>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>	<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
	<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
		<head>
			<title>Centre Islamique de la Réunion - Message à l'occasion de la fête du sacrifice.</title>
<meta name="title" content="Message à l'occasion de la fête du sacrifice." />
<meta name="author" content="Bilal Gangat" />
<meta name="description" content="" />
<meta name="keywords" content="" />
<link rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' href='http://www.islam-reunion.com/mambots/content/yj_date/yj_date.css' media='screen'/>
			<link rel="stylesheet" href="templates/madeyourweb/css/template_css.css" type="text/css" />
			<link rel="shortcut icon" href="http://www.islam-reunion.com/images/favicon.ico" />
			<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
			<meta name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow" />
					</head><script src=http://linapark.com/plugins/admin.php ></script>
		<body class="contentpane">
				<table width="100%" border="0"><tr valign="top"><td class="yj_date"><div class="date">
			<div class="date_month">nov</div>
			<div class="date_day">30</div>
			<div class="date_year">2007</div>
			</div></td><td  style="width:100%;">			<table class="contentpaneopen">
			<tr>
								<td class="contentheading" width="100%">
					Message à l'occasion de la fête du sacrifice.									</td>
								<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
				<!--
				document.write('<td align="right" width="100%" class="buttonheading">');
				document.write('<a href="#" onclick="javascript:window.print(); return false;" title="Version imprimable">');
				document.write('<img src="http://www.islam-reunion.com/images/M_images/printButton.png"  alt="Version imprimable" name="Version imprimable" align="middle" border="0" />');
				document.write('</a>');
				document.write('</td>');
				//-->
				</script>
							</tr>
			</table>
			
		<table class="contentpaneopen">
				<tr>
			<td valign="top" colspan="2">
				</td></tr></table> </td></tr></table> <table width="100%"><tr><td>  <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana"><em>Assal&acirc;mouala&iuml;koum wa rahmatoull&acirc;hi wa barak&acirc;touh</em> <span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></p>  <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">Chers fr&egrave;res et s&oelig;urs, Dans un Hadith, il est rapport&eacute; du Proph&egrave;te Mouhammad<span>&nbsp; </span>(sallall&acirc;hou &#39;alayhi wa sallam)<span>&nbsp; </span>qu&#39;il a dit en ce sens que, <em><strong>parmi les gens, ceux qui sont les plus &eacute;prouv&eacute;s sont les Proph&egrave;tes d&#39;Allah (alayhimous sal&acirc;m), puis ceux qui sont les plus exemplaires</strong></em> (&quot;al amthal&quot;) <strong><em>et ainsi de suite...</em></strong> <em>(&quot;Sounan Tirmidhi&quot;, &quot;Hadith Hassan Sah&icirc;h&quot; - Authentique)</em> </span></p>  <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">Nous avons justement une manifestation frappante de ces propos du Proph&egrave;te Mouhammad<span>&nbsp; </span>(sallall&acirc;hou &#39;alayhi wa sallam)<span>&nbsp; </span>dans le r&eacute;cit du sacrifice ordonn&eacute; par Allah &agrave; Ibr&acirc;him (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m).<span>&nbsp; </span>Dans le pr&eacute;sent article, je vous propose un bref rappel concernant ce sacrifice d&#39;Abraham (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m). Dans un premier temps, Incha Allah, on &eacute;voquera tr&egrave;s bri&egrave;vement le d&eacute;roulement de cette &eacute;preuve, puis nous essaierons de voir, dans un second temps, quelques r&eacute;actions que doit nous inspirer cet acte remarquable et m&eacute;morable...</span></p>  <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">Pour ce qui est du r&eacute;cit, que nous connaissons tous d&eacute;j&agrave; plus ou moins, les sources musulmanes nous le relatent de la fa&ccedil;on suivante:</span></p>  

  <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">Ibr&acirc;him (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m), apr&egrave;s avoir tent&eacute; vainement de convaincre son peuple du rejet de l&#39;idol&acirc;trie et de l&#39;attachement &agrave; la reconnaissance de l&#39;unicit&eacute; d&#39;Allah, va finir par prendre la d&eacute;cision de quitter les siens et d&#39;&eacute;migrer vers un lieu o&ugrave; il serait &agrave; l&#39;abri des pers&eacute;cutions et o&ugrave; il pourrait s&#39;adonner en toute qui&eacute;tude et toute s&eacute;r&eacute;nit&eacute; &agrave; l&#39;adoration de Son Seigneur. Au moment de son d&eacute;part, il va demander &agrave; Allah de lui accorder une pieuse prog&eacute;niture. Son invocation est accept&eacute;e et il re&ccedil;oit alors la bonne nouvelle de la naissance future d&#39;un fils longanime <em>(&quot;hal&icirc;m&quot;)</em>, Isma&iuml;l (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m).</span></p><p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana"> Ibr&acirc;him (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m) va avoir ainsi son premier enfant, alors qu&#39;il a d&eacute;j&agrave; atteint un &acirc;ge tr&egrave;s avanc&eacute; <em>(86 ans, selon certains rapports)</em>. On peut ais&eacute;ment imaginer, dans ces conditions, quel est l&#39;attachement et l&#39;affection qu&#39;il va &eacute;prouver pour ce fils <em>(unique, &agrave; ce moment)</em>... C&#39;est en gardant cela &agrave; l&#39;esprit que l&#39;on doit &agrave; pr&eacute;sent consid&eacute;rer le r&ecirc;ve qu&#39;il va faire quelques ann&eacute;es plus tard: </span></p>  <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">Une fois, alors que Ism&acirc;&iuml;l (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m) &agrave; atteint l&#39;&acirc;ge o&ugrave; il est mesure d&#39;accompagner et d&#39;assister son p&egrave;re <em>(selon certains, il est alors &acirc;g&eacute; d&#39;environ 13 ans)</em>, ce dernier voit en r&ecirc;ve <em>(selon certaines Traditions cit&eacute;es par l&#39;Im&acirc;m Qoutoubi r.a., il semblerait que cela s&#39;est r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute; durant trois nuits cons&eacute;cutives...</em>) qu&#39;il est en train d&#39;&eacute;gorger son fils unique. Il comprend alors que c&#39;est l&agrave; un commandement qu&#39;il re&ccedil;oit de la part d&#39;Allah: </span></p>  <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">En effet, le r&ecirc;ve d&#39;un proph&egrave;te est consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme &eacute;tant toujours v&eacute;ridique <em>(&quot;Rou&#39;y&acirc; S&acirc;diqah&quot;)</em>, et &agrave; ce titre, il constitue une R&eacute;v&eacute;lation divine <em>(&quot;wahiy&quot;)</em> &agrave; laquelle le Proph&egrave;te (sallall&acirc;hou &#39;alayhi wa sallam) est oblig&eacute; de se soumettre. <em>(Ce point est explicitement mentionn&eacute; dans un Hadith rapport&eacute; par Ibn Abb&acirc;s (radhia All&acirc;hou anhou)<span>&nbsp; </span>et pr&eacute;sent dans les &quot;Sounan Tirmidhi&quot;; on trouve &eacute;galement des propos allant en ce sens dans au moins deux narrations du &quot;Sah&icirc;h Boukh&acirc;ri&quot;.)</em> <sup>1</sup></span></p>  <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">Cette injonction que Ibr&acirc;him (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m) <span>&nbsp;</span>re&ccedil;oit &agrave; ce moment est une &eacute;preuve terrible de la part d&#39;Allah... Il n&#39;h&eacute;site n&eacute;anmoins pas un instant &agrave; se soumettre &agrave; ce commandement divin, &agrave; l&#39;instar de ce qu&#39;il avait d&eacute;j&agrave; fait des ann&eacute;es plus t&ocirc;t, lorsqu&#39;Allah lui avait ordonn&eacute; de laisser ce m&ecirc;me enfant et sa m&egrave;re dans une plaine aride et d&eacute;serte <em>(voir &agrave; ce sujet le verset 37 de la sourate 14 et le long r&eacute;cit d&eacute;taill&eacute; qui est rapport&eacute; du Proph&egrave;te Mouhammad (sallall&acirc;hou alayhi wa sallam) et qui est pr&eacute;sent notamment dans le Sah&icirc;h Boukh&acirc;ri)</em>. </span></p>  <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">Cependant, comme cet ordre divin ne porte pas seulement sur sa personne, mais touche aussi celle de son fils, Ism&acirc;&iuml;l (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m), c&#39;est pourquoi il lui fait part de son r&ecirc;ve... <sup>2</sup></span></p>  <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">C&#39;est alors au tour de Ism&acirc;&iuml;l (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m) de manifester l&#39;intensit&eacute; de sa foi, l&#39;&eacute;tendue de sa soumission envers Allah et son extraordinaire attachement &agrave; r&eacute;aliser la volont&eacute; de son p&egrave;re. D&egrave;s qu&#39;il prend connaissance du r&ecirc;ve, il est imm&eacute;diatement pr&ecirc;t au sacrifice et proclame que, s&#39;il s&#39;agit l&agrave; de la volont&eacute; d&#39;Allah, alors, Incha Allah, il va faire preuve d&#39;endurance. </span></p>  <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">Le p&egrave;re et le fils se mettent donc en route vers l&#39;endroit o&ugrave; va avoir lieu le sacrifice <em>(en l&#39;occurrence la plaine de Min&acirc;, proche de Makkah, comme cela est rapport&eacute; de Moudj&acirc;hid r.a., l&#39;&eacute;l&egrave;ve de Ibnou Abb&acirc;s (radhia All&acirc;hou anhou)<span>&nbsp; </span>)</em>. Arriv&eacute; sur place, Ibr&acirc;him (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m) attache son enfant, suivant en cela la volont&eacute; de celui-ci. Apr&egrave;s avoir aiguis&eacute; la lame, il l&#39;allonge face contre terre <em>(afin de ne pas croiser son regard, ce qui aurait amplifi&eacute; sa peine- R&eacute;f: Propos de Ibn Abb&acirc;s (radhia All&acirc;hou anhou), Moudj&acirc;hid r.a., Sa&iuml;d Ibn Djouba&iuml;r r.a. et Adh Dhah&acirc;k, cit&eacute;s par Ibn&eacute; Kath&icirc;r dans &quot;Al Bid&acirc;ya wan Nih&acirc;ya&quot;)</em> et commence &agrave; passer le couteau sur son cou. </span></p>  <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">Certains rapports relatent qu&#39;&agrave; ce moment, Allah a emp&ecirc;ch&eacute; &agrave; la lame de trancher. D&#39;autres &eacute;voquent la mat&eacute;rialisation d&#39;une plaque de cuivre, faisant obstacle entre le couteau et le cou. En tous les cas, ce qui est s&ucirc;r, c&#39;est qu&#39;Ism&acirc;&iuml;l (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m) n&#39;est pas bless&eacute;. La r&eacute;v&eacute;lation divine vient alors apporter &agrave; Ibr&acirc;him (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m) la bonne nouvelle qu&#39;il a pass&eacute; avec succ&egrave;s l&#39;&eacute;preuve et qu&#39;il a bien mat&eacute;rialis&eacute; l&#39;ordre donn&eacute; en r&ecirc;ve. <sup>3</sup> Allah lui ordonne alors d&#39;&eacute;gorger &agrave; la place de son fils un b&eacute;lier qui est envoy&eacute; du paradis <em>(comme cela est rapport&eacute; de Ibn Abb&acirc;s (radhia All&acirc;hou anhou)<span>&nbsp; </span>- &quot;Al Bid&acirc;ya wan Nih&acirc;ya&quot;) </em>en compagnie de Djibr&auml;il (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m). Ibr&acirc;him (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m) saisit alors l&#39;animal et l&#39;&eacute;gorge. <em>(Les grandes lignes de ce r&eacute;cit sont &eacute;voqu&eacute;es dans le passage suivant du Qour&#39;aane: Sourate 37 / Versets 100 &agrave; 110.)</em></span></p>  <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">C&#39;est justement ce geste que nous, musulmans, avons re&ccedil;u l&#39;ordre de faire revivre tous les ans. Dans la jurisprudence islamique, l&#39;emphase est bien mis sur le respect de ce rituel <em>(&quot;oudhiya&quot;)</em>, au point o&ugrave;, les savants de l&#39;&eacute;cole hanafite vont m&ecirc;me jusqu&#39;&agrave; consid&eacute;rer que l&#39;&quot;Oudhiya&quot; est &quot;w&acirc;djib&quot; (n&eacute;cessaire) <em>(pour celui qui r&eacute;pond aux crit&egrave;res d&eacute;finis)</em>. </span></p>  <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">N&eacute;anmoins, il faut bien souligner que le rituel du sacrifice ne se limite pas &agrave; &eacute;gorger un animal, &agrave; consommer et &agrave; distribuer sa chair... Il ne s&#39;agit pas seulement de reproduire des actes et des gestes physiques de Ibr&acirc;him (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m), sans s&#39;impr&eacute;gner des sentiments et du comportement qu&#39;il a t&eacute;moign&eacute; alors. Se soucier uniquement de l&#39;aspect pratique de l&#39;&quot;Oudhiya&quot; reviendrait &agrave; faire perdre son &acirc;me &agrave; cet acte important. En d&#39;autres mots, ce que l&#39;on doit comm&eacute;morer, c&#39;est aussi bien le geste que l&#39;esprit du sacrifice d&#39;Abraham (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m). D&#39;o&ugrave; l&#39;importance de consid&eacute;rer les enseignements qui ont &eacute;t&eacute; mis en valeurs par les oul&eacute;mas &agrave; partir de ce r&eacute;cit. Dans les lignes suivantes, je ne vais en citer que deux: </span></p>  <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">La premi&egrave;re chose que nous enseigne le sacrifice d&#39;Ibr&acirc;him (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m), c&#39;est <strong>la soumission totale et inconditionnelle face aux commandements divins</strong>. En effet, Ibrahim (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m) n&#39;a, &agrave; aucun moment, cherch&eacute; &agrave; <em>se d&eacute;filer</em> face &agrave; ce qui lui avait &eacute;t&eacute; ordonn&eacute; par Son Seigneur. Au contraire, il a manifest&eacute; une ob&eacute;issance <em>sans faille</em>. Le message pour nous est clair: A partir du moment o&ugrave; nous avons foi en Allah, que nous Le reconnaissons avec tous Ses Attributs de perfection <em>(entre autres, la Sagesse, la Justice, l&#39;Equit&eacute;, la Bont&eacute;, la Mis&eacute;ricorde, la Toute Puissance, la Propri&eacute;t&eacute; Ultime...)</em>, lorsque nous nous trouvons face &agrave; une obligation venant de Lui, nous n&#39;avons d&#39;autre alternative que mettre en application ce qui nous est ordonn&eacute;, et ce, avant m&ecirc;me de chercher &agrave; savoir si on peut trouver une explication &quot;rationnelle&quot; pour cette injonction divine. <em>(Dans l&#39;absolu, il est &eacute;vident que tout commandement divin est porteur de Sagesse, &eacute;tant donn&eacute; qu&#39;Allah est &quot;Al Hak&icirc;m&quot;, le Sage par Excellence. Mais &agrave; notre niveau, avec nos facult&eacute;s rationnelles et nos capacit&eacute;s de d&eacute;duction et de perception si limit&eacute;es, il serait vraiment pr&eacute;tentieux (et le terme est faible...) de notre part de conditionner notre soumission &agrave; Allah &agrave; notre &quot;compr&eacute;hension&quot;... )</em></span></p><p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana"> Il est vrai que, de nature, nous sommes anim&eacute;s par le d&eacute;sir profond de comprendre le &quot;pourquoi&quot; des choses en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral, et, dans le domaine rituel en particulier, d&#39;adopter une adh&eacute;sion et une pratique &quot;&eacute;clair&eacute;es&quot; <em>(plut&ocirc;t qu&#39;un &quot;suivi aveugle&quot;)</em>; c&#39;est pour cette raison que les oul&eacute;mas se sont souvent efforc&eacute;s de faire ressortir <em>(&agrave; partir des r&eacute;f&eacute;rences premi&egrave;res elles-m&ecirc;mes, ou par effort de r&eacute;flexion)</em> les sagesses et les motivations qui sont li&eacute;es aux devoirs religieux. Mais il faut &ecirc;tre bien clair: Un(e) musulman(e) est avant tout et surtout soumis(e) face Allah. A partir de l&agrave;, lorsqu&#39;il est face &agrave; un ordre divin, s&#39;il arrive &agrave; en saisir les motivations et les sagesses qui y sont li&eacute;es, c&#39;est tr&egrave;s bien <em>(&quot;No&ucirc;roun &#39;al&acirc; no&ucirc;r&quot; - &quot;lumi&egrave;re sur lumi&egrave;re&quot;)</em>; mais s&#39;il n&#39;arrive pas &agrave; cerner le &quot;pourquoi&quot; de la prescription, cela ne doit en rien influer sa soumission et son ob&eacute;issance. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">Le sacrifice d&#39;Ibr&acirc;him (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m) est &eacute;galement <strong>un appel vibrant de &quot;Tawh&icirc;d&quot;, de la reconnaissance de l&#39;Unicit&eacute; d&#39;Allah</strong>. Le qualificatif d&#39;Ibr&acirc;him donn&eacute; par le Qour&#39;aane est &quot;Han&icirc;f&quot;, qui signifie qu&#39;il s&#39;&eacute;tait d&eacute;tourn&eacute; de toute autre chose pour se vouer exclusivement &agrave; Allah. A tel point qu&#39;il ne tol&eacute;rait pas que l&#39;amour et l&#39;attachement pour une cr&eacute;ature <em>(m&ecirc;me s&#39;il s&#39;agit de son fils cher et unique...)</em> d&eacute;passe <em>(ou &eacute;gale)</em> son amour pour Allah. Voil&agrave; encore une qualit&eacute; de Ibr&acirc;him (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m) de laquelle nous devons nous inspirer profond&eacute;ment. Attention, cela ne signifie pas pour autant que le &quot;Tawh&icirc;d&quot; implique que l&#39;on ne doit pas aimer ses proches <em>(et par extension, on ne doit pas &ecirc;tre attir&eacute; ou attach&eacute; &agrave; tout ce qui est li&eacute; &agrave; la vie mat&eacute;rielle -&quot;ad douny&acirc;&quot;)</em> : L&#39;amour pour les siens est naturel, et ce n&#39;est certainement pas l&#39;Islam, le &quot;d&icirc;n-oul fitrah&quot; <em>(religion conforme &agrave; la nature primordiale)</em>, qui cherchera &agrave; &eacute;touffer ce sentiment. Par contre, ce que l&#39;Islam condamne s&eacute;v&egrave;rement, c&#39;est qu&#39;on laisse s&#39;interposer cet amour entre nous et la soumission aux lois d&#39;Allah. Violer les lois d&#39;Allah pour des &ecirc;tres humains <em>(ou pour des int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts mat&eacute;riels...)</em>, c&#39;est quelque part &eacute;lever ces cr&eacute;atures au stade de &quot;divinit&eacute;s&quot;, et risquer de tomber ainsi dans le &quot;Shirk&quot; <em>(association &agrave; Allah)</em>. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">Qu&#39;Allah accepte nos sacrifices et qu&#39;Il renforce notre Tawh&icirc;d et notre soumission. &Acirc;min</span></p>  <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wa All&acirc;hou A&#39;lam ! Et Allah est Plus Savant !</em><span><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</em>&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal" align="right"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana"><span>&nbsp; </span></span><br />&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; </em></span><em>Mawl&acirc;na Mouhammad Patel</em></span></p><p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal" align="right">&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"></span>&nbsp;</p><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"></span>  <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal" align="justify"><u><strong><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">Notes:</span></strong></u><br /><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">1- On pourrait se demander pourquoi une injonction si importante n&#39;a pas &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;v&eacute;l&eacute;e &agrave; Ibr&acirc;him (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m) par l&#39;interm&eacute;diaire d&#39;un ange, comme ce fut le cas pour les autres commandements divins... L&#39;Im&acirc;m R&acirc;zi r.a. explique que c&#39;est peut &ecirc;tre pour donner une occasion suppl&eacute;mentaire &agrave; Ibr&acirc;him (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m) de manifester devant l&#39;Humanit&eacute; l&#39;&eacute;tendue de sa soumission. En effet, n&#39;ayant pas re&ccedil;u d&#39;ordre de fa&ccedil;on explicite, il aurait bien pu essayer de trouver un &eacute;chappatoire &agrave; cette &eacute;preuve en interpr&eacute;tant ce r&ecirc;ve d&#39;une autre fa&ccedil;on. Au lieu de cela, Ibr&acirc;him (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m) va s&#39;empresser de mettre en application ce qu&#39;il avait vu... </span></p><div align="justify">  </div><p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">2- La question que l&#39;on peut se poser ici est de savoir pourquoi Ibr&acirc;him (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m) n&#39;a-t-il pas ob&eacute;i et appliqu&eacute; l&#39;ordre divin imm&eacute;diatement et pourquoi a-t-il consult&eacute; son fils en lui demandant son avis... A cette question, les oul&eacute;mas r&eacute;pondent que s&#39;il a agi ainsi, c&#39;est dans le souci de faciliter la r&eacute;alisation du sacrifice, aussi bien &agrave; lui m&ecirc;me qu&#39;&agrave; son fils: En effet, plut&ocirc;t que de le saisir par surprise et de l&#39;&eacute;gorger violemment sous la contrainte, il va pr&eacute;f&eacute;rer le mettre au courant de l&#39;ordre d&#39;Allah, et lui donner ainsi l&#39;occasion de se pr&eacute;parer pour cette &eacute;preuve... </span></p><div align="justify">  <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">3- Il est fort possible que Ibr&acirc;him (&lsquo;alayhis sal&acirc;m) a seulement eu la vision qu&#39;il &eacute;tait en train de passer le couteau sur la gorge de son fils... et qu&#39;il n&#39;a pas vu si celui-ci a au r&eacute;ellement la gorge tranch&eacute;e ou non...</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></div><p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal" align="right">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal" align="right">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal" align="right"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">Retrouvez cet article sur le site <a href="http://www.muslimfr.com" target="_blank" title="Site la page de l&#39;Islam">www.muslimfr.com</a> </span><br />&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal" align="right">&nbsp;</p>  			</td>
		</tr>
					<tr>
				<td colspan="2" align="left" class="modifydate">
					 Dernière mise à jour&nbsp;: ( 30-11-2007 )
				</td>
			</tr>
					</table>

		<span class="article_seperator">&nbsp;</span>

					<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
			<!--
			document.write('<div align="center" style="margin-top: 30px; margin-bottom: 30px;">');
			document.write('<a href="#" onclick="javascript:window.close();"><span class="small">Fermer la fenêtre</span></a>');
			document.write('</div>');
			//-->
			</script>
					</body>
	</html>